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School of Physiotherapy

Dynamometry References

Contents

Note: Key references on methodologies for assessing particular muscle groups and normative data are located at the end of specific tutorials.

Must-read articles are indicated by a *.

Books on Muscle Physiology

Jones, D.A. and Round, J.M. (1990)
Skeletal Muscle in Health and Disease. Manchester, Manchester University Press.
Jones, N.L., McCartney, N., and McComas, A.J. (1986)
Human Muscle Power. Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics Publishers.
Komi, P.V. (1992)
Strength and Power in Sport. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Leiber, R.L. (1992)
Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function: Implications for Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins.
McComas, A.J. (1996)
Skeletal Muscle: Form and Function. Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics Publishers.

Books on Dynamometry

Albert, M. (1991)
Eccentric Muscle Training : In Sports and Orthopaedics. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone.
Amundsen, L.R. (Ed.)
Muscle Strength Testing: Instrumented and Non-instrumented Systems. New York, Churchill Livingstone.
* Dvir, Z. (1995)
Isokinetics: Muscle Testing, Interpretation and Clinical Applications. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone.
Perrin, D.H. (1993)
Isokinetic Exercise and Assessment. Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics Publishers.

Review Articles on Dynamometry

Baltzopoulos, V., and Brodie, D.A. (1989)
Isokinetic dynamometry: Applications and limitations. Sports Medicine, 8, 101-116.
Cabri, J.M.H. (1991)
Isokinetic strength aspects of human joints and muscles. Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, 19, 231-259.
Delitto, A. (1990)
Isokinetic dynamometry. Muscle and Nerve, 13(suppl), S53-7.
Dvir, Z. (1991)
Clinical applicability of isokinetics: A review. Clinical Biomechanics, 6, 133-144.
Gleeson, N.P., and Mercer, T.H. (1996)
The utility of isokinetic dynamometry in the assessment of human muscle function. Sports Medicine, 21(1), 18-34.
Osternig, L.R. (1986)
Isokinetic dynamometry: Implications for muscle testing and rehabilitation. In K.Pandolf (Ed.) Exercise and Sport Science Reviews, (Vol. 14), pp. 45-80, New York; McMillan Publishing.
Sapega, A.A. (1990)
Muscle performance evaluation in orthopaedic practice. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 72-A(10), 1562-1574.
Wilson, G.J., and Murphy, A.J. (1996)
The use of isometric tests of muscular function in athletic assessment. Sports Medicine, 22(1), 19-37.

Other Articles on Muscle and Dynamometry

Atha, J. (1981)
Strengthening muscle. In D. Miller (Ed.). Exercise and Sport Science Reviews, (Vol. 9), pp. 1-73, Philadelphia, Franklin Institute Press.
Chapman, A.E. (1986)
The mechanical properties of human muscle. In R.L. Terjung (Ed.). Exercise and Sport Science Reviews, (Vol. 13), pp. 443-501, New York; McMillan Publishing Company.
Faulkner, J.A., Claflin, D.R., & McCully, K.K. (1986)
Power output of fast and slow fibres from human skeletal muscles. In N.L. Jones, N. McCartney, and A.J. McComas (Eds.). Human Muscle Power, (pp. 81-94). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.
Hageman, P. (1990)
Concentric and eccentric isokinetic testing of the extremities. Critical Reviews in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 2(1), 849-63.
Hall, L., and Williams, J. (1989)
The use of isokinetics in rehabilitation. Physiotherapy, 75(12), 737-740.
Hinson, M.N., Smith, W.C., & Funk, S. (1979)
Isokinetics: A clarification. Research Quarterly, 50, 30-35.
Knuttgen, H.G., & Kraemer, W.J. (1987)
Terminology and measurement in exercise performance. Journal of Applied Sport Science Research, 1(1), 1-10.
Kulig, K., Andrews, J.G., and Hay, J.G. (1984)
Human strength curves. In R.L. Terjung (Ed.). Exercise and Sport Science Reviews, (Vol. 12), pp. 417-466, New York; McMillan Publishing.
Mayhew, T.P., and Rothstein, J.M. (1985)
Measurement of muscle performance with instruments. In Rothstein, J.M. (Ed) Measurement in Physical Therapy: Clinics in Physical Therapy. 7, pp. 57-1026, New York, NY, Churchill Livingstone
Rothstein, J.M. (1985)
Measurement and clinical practice: Theory and application. In Rothstein, J.M. (Ed) Measurement in Physical Therapy: Clinics in Physical Therapy. 7, pp. 1-46, New York, NY, Churchill Livingstone.
Rothstein, J.M., Lamb, R.L., and Mayhew, T.P. (1987)
Clinical uses of isokinetic measurements. Physical Therapy, 67(12), 1840-1844.
Sale, D.G.. (1991)
Testing strength and power. In J.D. MacDougall, H.A. Wenger and H.J. Green (Eds.). Physiological Testing of the High-Performance Athlete. pp. 21-106, Champaigne, IL, Human Kinetics.
Stauber, W.T. (1989a)
Eccentric action of muscles: Physiology, injury and adaptation. In K.B. Pandolf (Ed.). Exercise and Sport Science Reviews, (Vol. 17), pp. 157-185, Baltimore; Williams and Wilkins.
Stauber, W.T. (1989b)
Measurement of muscle function in man. In V. Grisogono (Ed.). Sports Injuries, pp. 187-212, Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone.
Watkins, M.P., and Harris, B.A. (1983)
Evaluation of isokinetic muscle performance. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 2(1), 37-53.
Wilk, K. (1990)
Dynamic muscle strength testing. In L.R. Amundsen (Ed.) Muscle Strength Testing: Instrumented and Non-instrumented Systems. pp. 123-150, New York, Churchill Livingstone.
Winter, D.A., Wells, R.P., and Orr, G.W. (1981)
Errors in the use of isokinetic dynamometers. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 46, 397-408.

Kin-Com Reliability and Validity

Farrell, M., and Richards, J.G. (1986)
Analysis of the reliability and validity of the Kinetic Communicator exercise device. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 18, 44-49.
Hanten, W.P., and Lang, J.C. (1988)
Reliability and validity of the Kinetic Communicator for the measurements of torque, work and power. Physical Therapy, 68(5), 825 (Abstract).
Jackson, A., Highgenboten, C., Meske, N., & Trudelle-Jackson, E. (1987)
Univariate and multivariate analysis of the reliability of the Kinetic Communicator (Kin/Com). Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 19(2), S23. (Abstract).
Mayhew, T.P., Lamb, R.L., and Rothstein, J.M. (1994)
Performance characteristics of the Kin-Com dynamometer. Physical Therapy, 74(11), 1047- 1054.

Reliability of Isokinetic Strength Testing - Elbow

Griffin, Y.W. (1987)
Differences in elbow flexion torque measured concentrically, eccentrically and isometrically. Physical Therapy, 67(8), 1205-1208.
Pentland, W.E., Lo, S.K., and Strauss, G.R. (1993)
Reliability of upper extremity isokinetic torque measurements with the Kin-Com (II) dynamometer. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 3(2), 88-95.

Reliability of Isokinetic Strength Testing - Knee

Normal Population

Harding, B., Black, T., Bruulsema, A., Maxwell, B., and Stratford, P. (1988)
Reliability of a reciprocal test protocol performed on the Kinetic Communicator: An isokinetic test of knee extensor and flexor strength. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 10(6), 218-223.
Hanten, W.P., & Lang, J.C. (1988)
Reliability and validity of the Kinetic Communicator for the measurements of torque, work and power. Physical Therapy, 68(5), 825 (Abstract).
Johnson, J., and Seigel, D. (1978)
Reliability of an isokinetic movement of the knee extensors. Research Quarterly, 49, 88-90.
Kramer, J.F. (1990)
Reliability of knee extensor and flexor torques during continuous concentric-eccentric cycles. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 71, 460-464.
Montgomery, L.C., Douglass, L.W., and Deuster, P.A. (1989)
Reliability of an isokinetic test of muscle strength and endurance. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 0 (?), 315-322.
Snow, C.J. and Blanklin, K. (1992)
Reliability of knee flexor peak torque measurements from a standardised test protocol on a Kin/Com dynamometer. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 73(1), 15-21.
Tredinnick, T.J., and Duncan, P.W. (1988)
Reliability of measurements of concentric and eccentric isokinetic loading. Physical Therapy, 68(5), 656-659.
Wessel, J., Mattison, G., Luongo, F., and Isherwood, L. (1988)
Reliability of eccentric and concentric measurements. Physiotherapy Canada, 40(2, Suppl.): 17. (Abstract).
Wessel, J., Gray, G., Luongo, F., & Isherwood, L. (1989)
Reliability of work measurements recorded during concentric and eccentric contractions of the knee extensors in healthy subjects. Physiotherapy Canada, 41(5), 250-253.
White, L.N., and Protas, E.J. (1985)
The reliability of the Kinetic Communicator during isokinetic concentric knee extension. Physical Therapy, 65(5), 699. (Abstract)

Clinical Population

Kramer, J., Agnidis, Z., Bourne, R., and Rorabeck, C. (1991)
Reliability of knee extensor and flexor total knee replacement. Physiotherapy Canada, 43(2), 8. (Abstract).
Wessel, J., and Galbraith, M. (1989)
Reliability of isokinetic measurements of the knee extensors in rheumatoid arthritis. Physiotherapy Canada, 41(2), Suppl. p.X. (Abstract).
Wessel, J., Baron, D., and Baergen, J. (1991)
Test-retest reliability of measurements of knee extensor torque of women with osteoarthritis. Physiotherapy Canada, 43(2), 10. (Abstract).

Validity of Isokinetic Strength Testing - Knee

Dvir, Z., and David, G. (1995)
Average or peak moment: which of the two is the more suitable to represent isokinetic muscle strength? Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 5, 93-97.
Hanten, W.P., & Lang, J.C. (1988)
Reliability and validity of the Kinetic Communicator for the measurements of torque, work and power. Physical Therapy, 68(5), 825 (Abstract).
Hellwig, E.V., and Perrin, D.H. (1995)
The mechanical and clinical reliability of the kinetic communicator's gravity correction procedure. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 5, 85-91.
Strauss, G.R., Allen, C., Munt, M., and Zanoli, J. (1996)
A comparison of continuous and discrete testing approaches on concentric and eccentric torque production of the knee extensors. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 5, 135-141.

Reliability of Isokinetic Strength Testing - Shoulder

Pentland, W.E., Lo, S.K., and Strauss, G.R. (1993)
Reliability of upper extremity isokinetic torque measurements with the Kin-Com (II) dynamometer. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 3(2), 88-95.

Reliability of Isokinetic Strength Testing - Trunk

Bygott, I-L., McMeken, J., Carrol, S., and Baker, P. (1993)
Reliability of dynamometric trunk measurement. Proceedings of the Annual Scientific Conference of the Australian Sports Medicine Federation, Melbourne. (Abstract).
Grabiner, M.D., and Jeriorowski,J.J. (1991)
Isokinetic trunk extension and flexion strength-endurance relationships. Clinical Biomechanics, 6, 118-122.
Wessel, J, Ford, D., and van Driesum, D. (1992)
Measurement of torque of trunk flexors at different velocities. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation and Medicine, 24, 175-180.

Reliability of Endurance Testing - Knee

Burdett, R.G., and Van Swearingen, J. (1987)
Reliability of isokinetic muscle endurance tests. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 8(10), 485-489.

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